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Review Article
International Ayurvedic Medical Journal
ISSN:2320 5091
MEDHYA DRAVYA IN AYURVEDA – A CRITICAL REVIEW Nirmal Kumar Anil Kumar Singh Departments of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda , IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India ABSTRACT Ayurveda has two main aims - one is to maintain health and the second is to cure disease. The branch of Rasayana or rejuvenation is one of the eight specialized branches of Ayurveda that primarily deals with the maintenance of health. Rasayana is defined as any herb, food, or activity which confers youthfulness and cures diseases. If taken in a proper way, the Rasayana prevents early aging and keeps you young and active both physically and mentally. Medhya Rasayanas are group of medicinal plants described in Ayurveda with multi-fold benefits, specifically to improve memory and intellect by Prabhava (specific action). Medha means intellect and/or retention and Rasayana means therapeutic procedure or preparation that on regular practice will boost nourishment, health, memory, intellect, immunity and hence longevity. Medhya Rasayana is a group of 4 medicinal plants that can be used singly or in combinations. This paper will highlight the present update on Medhya Rasayana ausadhi. Keywords: Ayurveda , Medhya, Rasayana INTRODUCTION The branch Rasayana is one of the most important branches among Astanga Ayurveda; Rasayana prevents early aging and keeps you young and active both physically and mentally. Medhya Rasayanas are group of medicinal plants described in Ayurveda with multi-fold benefits, specifically to improve memory and intellect by Prabhava (specific action). Medha means intellect and/or retention and Rasayana means therapeutic procedure or preparation that on regular practice will boost nourishment, health, memory, intellect, immunity and hence longevity. Medhya Rasayana is a group of 4 medicinal plants, they are Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn.), Yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra Linn.), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Miers) and Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis Chois)1, specially
mentioned with wide range of applications on different systems. Yet in practice few more handful drugs used with same aim are mentioned elsewhere in the Ayurveda classical textbooks. They are Aindri (Bacopa monniera), Jyothishmati (Celastrus panniculata), Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida), Vacha (Acorus calamus) and Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamansi). Medhya Rasayana is used either in polyherbal preparations or alone. Characteristics of drugs having the Medhya Rasayana property 1. Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn. Family – Umbelliferae): This Plant is described in Tikta skandh, Prajastapana and Vayasthapana mahakashaya of Charak Samhita and Tikta varga of Shusruta Samhita. The Synonyms
Nirmal Kumar and Anil Kumar Singh: Medhya Dravya in Ayurveda are Manduki, Twastri, Divya, Mahausadhi. Dosha karma – Kapha-Pitta shamak 2. 2. Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., Family – Fabaceae): This plant is described in Kanthya, Jivaniya, Sandhaniya, Varnya, Sonitasthapana, Kandughna, Chardinigrahana, Snehopaga, Vamanopaga, Asthapanopaga, Mutravirajaniya Mahakasaya of Charak Samhita and Kakolyadi, Sarivadi, Anjanadi, Brhatyadi, Ambasthadi, Utpaladi Gana, of Shusruta Samhita. The Synonyms are Yastimadhuk, Klitaka. Dosha karma – Vatapitta shamak 3. 3. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Miers, Family – Menispermaceae): This plant is described in Vayahsthapana, Dahaprashamana, Trishna-nigraha, Stanya, sodhana, Triptighna Mahakasaya of Charak Samhita and Guducyadi, Patoladi, Araghvadadi, Kakolyadi, Valli panchamula of Shusruta Samhita. The Synonyms are Amrita, Madhuparni, Chinnamula, Cakralakshanika, Amrita-valli, Chinna, Chinnodhbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Dheera, Vishalya, Rasayani, Candrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Deva-nirmita, Dosha karma – Tridosha shamak 4. 4. Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis Chois. Family – Convolvulaceae): The Synonyms are Ksheerpushpi, Mangalyakusuma. Dosha karma – Vatapitta shamak 5. 5. Aindri (Bacopa monniera Linn. Family – Scrophulariaceae):
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This Plant is described in Balya, Prajasthapana mahakasaya of Charak Samhita. Dosha karma – Kapha-Vata shamak 6. Jyothishmati (Celastrus panniculata Willd. Family – Celastraceae): This Plant is described in Shirovirecana of Charak Samhita and Adhobhaghara and Shirovirecana of Shusruta Samhita. The Synonyms are Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kanguni, Paravatpadi, Pinya, Lata, Kakundani, Malkangani. Dosha karma – Vata-kapha shamak 6. 7. Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida Thunb. Cogn. Family – Cucurbitaceae): This Plant is described in Sakavarga of Bhavaprakash Nighantu. The Synonyms are Puspaphala, Pitapushpa, Brihatphala. Dosha karma – Pitta shamak7. 8. Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn., Family – Araceae): This Plant is described in Virechan, Lekhniya, Arshoghna, Triptighna, Asthapanopaga, Sitaprashamana, Sangya-sthapana, Tikta Skandh, Sirovirechana Charak Samhita and Pippalyadi, Vachadi, Mustadi, Urdha- bhagkar of Shusruta Samhita. The Synonyms are Vacha, Ugragandha, Sadhgrantha, Golomi, Satparvika, Khudrapatri, Mangalya, Jatila, Ugra and Lomasha, Dosha karma – Kapha-Vata shamak8. 9. Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC., Family – Valerianaceae): This Plant is described in Sangyasthapana mahakasaya of Charak Samhita. The Synonyms are Bhutjata, Jatila, Tapasvini and Mansi. Dosha karma – TriDosha shamak 9.
IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 3; May – June 2013
Nirmal Kumar and Anil Kumar Singh: Medhya Dravya in Ayurveda Drug Mandukaparni Yastimadhu Guduchi Shankhapushpi Aindri Jyothishmati Kushmanda Vacha Jatamamsi
Table 1: Properties of different Medhya ausadhi Rasa Guna Tikta Laghu Madhur Guru, Snigdha Tikta, Kasaya Guru, Snigdha Tikta Snigdha, Picchil Tikta Laghu Katu, Tikta Tikshna Madhur Laghu, Snigdha Katu, Tikta Laghu, Tikshna Tikta, Kasaya Madhur Laghu, Snigdha
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Dravyas those increases the Medha is known as ‘Medhya’. Although this function is related with Mana, and due to Nadisansthan is the visistha adisthana of presence of Mana; this Medhya Karma is related with Nadisansthan. Nadisansthan are connected with Brain that’s why the Medhya dravya also known as brain tonic. The medhya karma is considered as Prabhava jayna because some medhya dravya are sita virya, madhura rasa and madhur vipaka e.g. Yastimadhu; and some are tikta rasa and usna virya e.g. Guduchi. These medhya dravya have more medya karma present rather than a samanya dravya, so medhya karma is prabhava janya10. Graham shakti (power of aquieition), Dharan shakti (power of retention) and Smriti (power of recollection) all three are included in Medha. Pitta is ashu and tikshna so it is helpful in vishaya graham and Smriti, that’s why Medha is included in prakrit karma of Pitta11. Vata is also necessary for association of ideas in the process of smriti. Kapha provides Dhriti (Dharan) and stability that’s why Sthirita and Dhriti are included in prakrit karma of Kapha12. Due to all these reasons the usna virya and sita
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Virya Sita Sita Usna Sita Usna Usna Sita Usna Sita
Vipaka Madhur Madhur Madhur Madhur Katu Katu Madhur Katu Katu
virya draya should be mehya. But usna virya dravya mainly for vishaya graham and Smriti rather than sita virya for Dharan shakti. REFERENCES 1. Agnivesh, Charak Samhita. part II, Chikitsa sthana, Rasayan adhyaya 1-3/30-31, Edited by Shastri SN, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi.2011; p 39. 2. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Guducyadi varga 279-283, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 461. 3. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Haritakyadi varga 145-146, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 65. 4. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Guducyadi varga 6-10, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 269. 5. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Guducyadi varga 269-270, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 454. 6. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Harityakadi varga 71-72, Edited by Chune-
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Nirmal Kumar and Anil Kumar Singh: Medhya Dravya in Ayurveda kar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 90. 7. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Sakavarga varga 53-55, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 679. 8. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Harityakadi varga 102-103, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 43. 9. Bhav mishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi varga 89, Edited by Chunekar KC, Chaukambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 2010. p 240. 10. Bhadanta Nagarjuna, Rasa Vaiseshik Sutra 4/27, Edited by Muthuswami NE, Kerala Gov. Ayu. Publication series -2, 1976, p 133.
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11. Agnivesh, Charak Samhita. part I, Sutra sthana Trisothiya adhyaya 18/50 , Edited by Shastri SN, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi.2011; p 384. 12. Agnivesh, Charak Samhita. part I, Sutra sthana Trisothiya adhyaya 18/51 , Edited by Shastri SN, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi.2011; p 385. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Dr. Anil Kumar Singh, Departments of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi–221005, India Email: [email protected] Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None Declared
IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 3; May – June 2013